Therefore, to make highenergy explosives, water content must be reduced. Lithium and manganese oxides have been prepared by the explosion of water gel explosives of the metal nitrates, m no3x m li, mn as oxidizers and glycol as fuels, at relative low temperature. There are many different types of water gel explosives and each type of explosive. Emulsions will detonate at temperatures as low as 0f 18c. If you microwave it, i suggest no more than 510s at one.
Some explosives with very high sensitivity, such as pure nitroglycerin or dynamite, can be detonated by mechanical impact or friction. With advantages in cost, safety and ease of use, water gel slurry and emulsion explosives are rapidly replacing traditional explosives. Water gels that are capinsensitive are referred to under united states safety regulations as blasting agents. Minimum burning pressures of waterbased emulsion explosives. Practical methods to control explosives losses and reduce. In order to heat 1kg of water to vaporization, 2,256 kilojoules per kilogram of energy is required.
The water gel and ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosive with adjustable density, initiation sensitivity, explosive. These guidelines cover all applications of pumping waterbased blasting explosives, be it either emulsion explosives, slurries or watergels, both in the factory and in the field, in openpit or underground mining. P373 do not fight fire when fire reaches explosives. The purpose of this explosives management plan exmp is to describe how sgv intends to integrate the safe use of explosives into mine operations while minimizing environmental impacts. Chemical and physical factors that influence no x production during blasting exploratory study. Utec is a world recognized expert in water gel explosives. A boostersensitive packaged water gel slurry explosive with a density of 1.
These guidelines cover all applications of pumping water based blasting explosives, be it either emulsion explosives, slurries or watergels, both in the factory and in the field, in openpit or underground mining and quarrying, and in construction work with the exceptions noted below. A method for producing water gel explosives by solubilizing a nitroparaffin sensitizer having carbon atoms, preferably nitromethane, in an aqueous oxidizer perchlorate salt solution by incorporating in the. National institute for occupational safety and health. For official use only all dynamite is considered a secondary high explosive and can be initiated with a blasting cap all are suitable as main charges in an ied. Pdf application of emulsion explosive and comparative study on. Sasol, an international integrated chemicals and energy company is a leading supplier of explosives with a wide range of accessories,bulk explosives,centralised blasting system,electronic initiation, and packaged explosives products. Anfo, emulsion and heavy anfo blends useful explosive. Use petn or tnt type explosives when temperatures are near or below 0f 18c. Cn103242115b water gel and ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosive. Diagnostics of production blasts in a deep underground mine. In a copper mine this resulted in a decreased powder factor and thereby less cost for the explosive.
Makeshift arsenal homemade explosives and improvised weapons version 1. The application of smooth blasting for freezing rock in vertical shaft accord ing to the status of frozen wall and the temperature of frozen strata, the water gel explosive. The methodology assumes that the heat of detonation of an explosive compound of composition can be approximated as the difference between the heats of formation of the detonation products and that of the explosive, divided by the formula weight of the explosive. Sweden where bulk emulsion explosives have been used. Because of the intimate mixture between oxidizer and fuel, emulsion explosives have higher energy than water gel slurries or anfo and it matches with energy level of nitroglycerine based explosives. Anfo and waterbased explosives such as water gels and emulsions are more difficult to ignite in the open. Application of emulsion explosive and comparative study on watergel explosives for rock quarrying in sri lanka. The water gel explosives are acceptable for use when the temperature is above freezing 32 fahrenheit or 0 centigrade. Critical diameter of emulsion explosives again depends upon droplet size and sensitizer used.
In confined spaces, burning may lead to detonation. Some commercial explosives with high fuel content may readily ignite and burn. Carcasses that have been dispersed will generally be totally. Comparative study of emulsion and water gel explosives for rock. Slurry explosive article about slurry explosive by the. P401 store as defined in the explosives act of canada and the provisions of the bureau of alcohol, tobacco and firearms. In the contest between watergels and emulsions for the perfect bulk explosive, brent buffham, technical manager with maxam, explains why the companys rioflex variabledensity product is arguably the best compromise the history of commercial explosives is relatively short. Utec has been key in developing water gel explosive formulations and associated technology advancements for over 35 years.
Transport of dangerous goods manual of tests and criteria, fourth revised edition. Explosive admixture with drill cuttings, loss of fuel oil in. Explosive materials code identifies reasonable levels of safety for the manufacture, transportation, storage, sale, and use of explosive materials, including blasting agents, water gel and. Method 8095 explosives by gas chromatography sw846 is not intended to be an analytical training manual.
Explosive admixture with drill cuttings, loss of fuel oil in ammonium nitrate and fuel oil anfo from wicking, ammonium nitrate dissolution with water, degree of explosive. Study the various accessories inert manufactured by wah nobel and write. The specific gravity of commercial explosives ranges from 0. It is an explosive ingredient in dynamite 2040% with ethylene glycol dinitrate 8060%. A watergel explosive is a fuel sensitized explosive mixture consisting of an aqueous ammonium nitrate solution that acts as the oxidizer. Because they are relatively safe and easy to use, they are often times used in the mining industry. The way the damage is caused may vary with different types of warheads, but in the most general sense, damage is.
Perchloratecontaining explosives typically have a high density and high explosive. A blaster who has any explosivesflammability concerns must discuss them with the explosives. Potential environmental contamination from the use of. His original water gel explosive was a largediameter gel explosive that was used in large wet holes.
The emulsion has a firm rheology and is packed into plastic. Anfo from wicking, ammonium nitrate dissolution with water, degree of explosive confinement, anfo density, and critical diameter were identified as contributing factors to. Innopak innopak packaged explosives provide reliable blasting solutions to hard rock mining, quarrying, and construction applications. In the contest between watergels and emulsions for the perfect bulk explosive, brent buffham, technical manager with maxam, explains why the companys rioflex variabledensity product is arguably the best compromise the history of commercial explosives. Therefore, method procedures are written based on the assumption that they will be. Development design process technology quality checks process hazards dust explosionsfire hazardshealth hazards role of gg permissible explosives. The invention relates to the technical field of industrial explosive production, and in particular relates to a water gel and ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosive and a production method thereof. Prior to use of this method, appropriate sample preparation techniques must be. Chemical explosives the main purpose of any warhead is to inflict damage on the target.
These products are used in difficult blasting applications, and contain sodium perchlorate, ammonium perchlorate, andor potassium perchlorate as a sensitizing agent. Water gel explosives are the second leading aqueous based explosives products manufactured worldwide. The ultimate energy thief for an explosive is water. Explosives commonly used in transportation projects. Anfo and water based explosives such as water gels and emulsions are more difficult to ignite in the open. Comparative study of emulsion and water gel explosives for rock quarrying. Water gels are also less expensive compared to conventional explosives. G05 01 guidelines for bulk explosives facilities february 2014 2 1. Tovex also known as trenchrite, seismogel, and seismopac is a water gel explosive composed of ammonium nitrate and methylammonium nitrate that has several advantages over traditional. It is impossible to simulate all spects of trench blasting a or any type of blasting under laboratory conditions, including explosive confinement. Watergel explosive article about watergel explosive by. The water gel and ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosive with adjustable density, initiation sensitivity, explosive property. By using bulk emulsion explosive it was possible to achieve a better breakage performance.
So, if water gels have water and emulsions have water, how is one better than the other. The density of an explosive may be expressed in terms of specific gravity. The explosives are far from safe, and by doing so your life is at risk. Underground products, services and reference guide 2010. It is worth noting that water gels, slurries, and emulsion products can be formulated to produce either 1 capsensitive hesby adding sufficient amounts of he. Type of explosive, dynamite, ammonium nitrate and fuel oil anfo, slurry water gel, emulsion. As a result, cap sensitive versions of each are increasingly. Geldyne is a semigelatin dynamite formulated to meet a wide variety of blasting applications. For official use only all dynamite is considered a secondary high explosive and can be initiated with a blasting cap all are suitable as main charges in an ied terrorists operating domestically will likely try to steal dynamite or improvise its manufacture mining sites and quarries may be targeted for theft. Water gel explosives have a lower detonation velocity, generating less shock energy than some other highdetonation velocity explosives e. Water provides no energy to the bulk explosive when detonated. It can be utilized as a primer, or column load in general surface excavation projects, underground development.
1479 1083 493 1314 1440 1138 1416 360 684 1128 1332 1112 1137 544 463 1438 770 971 144 1074 259 292 1150 1423 1185 86 409 637 256 447 1008 145 809 1085 1143 817 332